Revision of the Genus Anoplophora

S.W. Lingafelter, E. R. Hoebeke. Revision of the Genus Anoplophora (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). 2002. 240 с..

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The impetus for this work is directly attributable
to the fi rst-time discovery of an invasive woodboring
beetle of the cerambycid genus Anoplophora in New
York City in 1 996. Below is a chronology of the
incident and its effects.
In early August 1 996, Ingram Carner, a long-time
resident of Greenpoint, Brooklyn, began noticing that
many of his Norway maple trees along McGuinness
Avenue were showing signs of distress. The trees had
numerous large circular holes, 3/8-3/4 inch in di­
ameter, in the trunks and branches. At the base of the
trunks and in the crotches of the larger branches were
large amounts of coarse sawdust. Mr. Carner believed
that these street trees were being damaged by vandals
using cordless drills. However, on August 1 9, while
again examining these damaged trees, he noticed a
large. shiny, black beetle emerging from one of the
circular holes in the trunk. This time he guessed that
the damage might be due to these beetles. He notifi ed
the New York City Department of Parks and Recre­
ation and they dispatched a forestry inspector. Harry
Rothar, who collected a beetle and returned it to his
off ice. Unable to identify the beetle, it was sent to
Cornell University's Department of Entomology.
There, it arr ived at the Insect Diagnostic Lab on Au­
gust 26, and diagnostician Carolyn Klass, who did
not recognize it, sent it along to E. R. Hoebeke for
identification. Shortly thereafter, on September 2,
Hoebeke identifi ed the mystery woodboring beetle as
Anoplophora glabripennis, a native of China and Ko­
rea. On September 5, he traveled to Greenpoint,
Brooklyn, met with Harr y Rothar, and went directly
to the site where the beetle was fi rst discovered. More
street trees in the vicinity of McGuinness A venue
were discovered to be heavily infested, and additional
beetles were collected. Upon his return to Cornell,
Hoebeke sent specimens to the USDA Agricultural
Research Service's Steven W. Lingafelter, a specialist
of the Cerambycidae, and to Allan G. Samuelson of
the Bernice Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, an­
other cerambycid expert, fo r their confi rmation. By
September 13, both systematists had confi rmed Hoe­
beke's identifi cation of Anoplophora glabripennis.
A month later, in October 1 996, another infested
area was fo und in Amityville, New York, about 40
miles east of Brooklyn, on Long Island. A tree cut­
ting company of this community had been pruning
and removing dead or dying trees from the metro­
politan New York area in previous years and much
of this wood was stored on their property in Amity­
ville where it was sold as fi rewood. Many of the
street trees bordering this property and elsewhere in
the immediate vicinity were infested by this Asian
longhorned beetle. In an attempt to eradicate this de­
structive woodboring pest from these New York
neighborhoods, federal, state, and local regulatory
agencies began removing and destroying all trees
with damage symptoms of this beetle-i.e., circular
exit holes in trunks and branches and accumulations
of coarse sawdust at the base of trees and in branch
crotches. This cut-and-destroy mission began in
March 1 997, fi rst with infested trees of McCarren
Park, Greenpoint, Brooklyn.
In early July 1 998, Garry Luka, an employee of
the Skokie Park District, just north of Chicago, sawed
off a dead tree branch that was overhanging his prop­
erty in the 4300 block of North Winchester A venue,
Ravenswood, and offered the wood to his friend Bar­
ry Albach, to use for an upcoming camping trip. Mr.
Albach placed the fi rewood in the back of his pickup
truck, where it sat under a fi berglass cover for a
week. Then on July 9, his mother and a neighbor
spotted a large black beetle crawling on Albach's rear
view mirror. When Mr. Albach uncovered the wood
in the back of his truck, he discovered more of the
beetles crawling about. Curiosity brought him to his
computer, where he did a simple Internet search on
"beetles" and luck would have it that the very fi rst
site he found was one on the Asian longhorned beetle
in New York. What was illustrated in this pest alert
by the USDA was exactly what Mr. Albach saw in
the back of his truck. He decided immediately to con­
tact the local USDA offi ce and notify them of his
fi nd. After a site visit by USDA inspectors, it was
determined that another major infestation of Asian
longhorned beetle was present in the northside Chi­
cago community of Ravenswood. In the next few
weeks, local Chicago television, radio, and newspa­
pers provided outstanding coverage of this newly dis­
covered beetle infe station. As a result of this public­
ity, local citizens were responsible for the discovery
of two additional, but smaller, areas of infestation­
one near Addison, DuPage County, about 5 miles
southeast of O' Hare International Airport, and anoth­
er in Summit, a suburb about 1 5 miles southwest of
downtown Chicago. With the detection of the Asian
Ionghorned beetle in Chicago, the federal govern­
ment was compelled to take some action. On Septem­
ber 1 I, Secretary of Agriculture Daniel Glickman
held a news conference in Chicago to announce in­
teri m U.S. trade restrictions with China. The newly
announced regulations-set to go into effect on De­
cember 1 7, 1 998-would require that goods from
China be packed in non-wood material or wood that
had been treated with heat or chemical fu mi gation to
kill insects. Removal of beetle-infested trees in Chi­
cago began on February 4, 1 999. Infested trees con­
tinue to be found in New York and Chicago. As of August 4, 200 1 , a total of 5,324 infested trees in New
York and 1 ,522 infested trees in Chicago have been
detected and destroyed.
No one knows exactly how long the Asian long­
horned beetle has been present in the United States,
or when it fi rst began infe sting trees in New York
City or Chicago. Fortuitously, a property owner in
Bayside, Queens, came forth shortly after the discov­
ery of infested trees in this neighborhood in February
1 999 with a Polaroid print of the Asian longhorned
beetle, dated fr om 1 992. There is little doubt that this
dangerous tree-infesting beetle gained entry into
North America in solid wood packing material, such
as crating, pallets, and dunnage, originating from
China, and used extensively in the international trade
industry for packaging goods and merchandise. Prior
to the Asian longhorned beetle's discovery in August
1 996, there were only two known interceptions of
Anoplophora glabripennis in North America. One
was from Chinese crating in Loudenville, Ohio, in
1 992, and another on wood crating and dunnage, also
fr om China, in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1 992.
Since August, 1 996, numerous interceptions of A.
glabripennis have been made at major U.S. ports and
in numerous warehouses countrywide. Other coun­
tries are also dealing with this as a new invasive pest.
Recently, its fi rst occurrence in Europe was indicated
in July, 200 1 , in Braunau, Austria (Tomiczek 200 1 ).
However, A. glabripennis is not the only species of
the genus to be intercepted in the United States. Oth­
er serious tree pests of Asia also have been found as
unintentional hitchhikers in 1 999. Several live spec­
imens of Anoplophora chinensis, one of Asia's most
serious citrus pests, were found in April in a green­
house in Athens, Georgia, where Crepe Myrtle bon­
sai trees from China were infested, and another in­
terception of a single live specimen of the white-spot­
ted longicorn beetle, Anoplophora chinensis (fo rm
malasiaca), was made by a homeowner in June on
an infested, potted dwarf Japanese maple in Delavan,
Wisconsin. Very recently, in August, 200 1 , 4 speci­
mens of Anoplophora chinensis (form malasiaca)
were found in two nurseries in the Seattle area, Wash­
ington state (Tukwila and Lacey). These specimens
were also associated with a shipment of bonsai Jap-
anese maples that were destroyed. Intensive surveys
there are being coordinated by state and fe deral agen­
cies. This species has also been introduced into Eng­
land (Cooter 1 998) and established recently in Italy
(Colombo and Limonta 200 I).
Because the volume of commodities imported an­
nually fr om China associated with solid wood pack­
ing material is estimated to be in the millions of ship­
ments, it is expected that other non-native woodbor­
ing beetles will continue to fi nd their way into North
American urban landscapes using this pathway.
USDA port offi cials have been placed on higher alert,
and continue to inspect high-risk cargoes from Asia
for species of Anoplophora and other woodboring
pests.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural
Research Service (ARS) continues to support an
Asian longhorned beetle research program that pro­
vides necessary research leading to environmentally
and publicly acceptable technologies fo r mitigating
beetle populations. Based on recommendations of a
Science Advisory Panel, ARS was advised in Octo­
ber 1 996 that top priorities should include beetle sys­
tematics, determination of basic biology, pheromone
identifi cation and isolation, fi eld detection and trap­
ping technologies, evaluation of beetle reproductive
biology, and identifi cation and testing of potential
natural enemies.
In early 1 998, USDA-ARS awarded Steven W.
Lingafe lter and E. Richard Hoebeke a grant to un­
dertake a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the
Oriental genus Anoplophora and to prepare an illus­
trated handbook for the identifi cation of species in
the genus. The identifi cation guide is intended to be
part of a national strategy to eradicate this woodbor­
ing pest and to help port-of-entry regulatory offi cials
nationwide distinguish this Asian pest and its close
relatives fr om the hundreds of native species of Cer­
ambycidae. We trust that this monograph will be a
positive contribution to that end.

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